Opportunities for Enhancing Zambia-China

The International Relations Association of Zambia (IRAZ) Roundtable focused on reviewing the opportunities presented by the 2024 Beijing FOCAC Summit to strengthen Zambia-China relations.  His Excellency Han Jing, the Chinese Ambassador to Zambia, and Ms. Etambuyu Anamela Gundersen, Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation in Zambia, graced the event. Additionally, the meeting featured Ambassador George Zulu and Dr Njunga M Mulikita, the Advisory backbone of IRAZ, who provided insights into the significance of this bilateral relationship.

Strengthening Zambia-China Relations

In her remarks, Ms. Gundersen emphasized the long-standing relationship between Zambia and China, which has proven to be mutually beneficial. She highlighted that both nations have found common ground on economic, social, and environmental issues, reinforcing a friendship firmly rooted in trust and shared goals. The recent meeting of the presidents of Zambia and China in 2023, followed by FOCAC 2024, showed how strategically important the two nation relationship is. Ms. Gundersen emphasized that “Before anything else, Zambia and China are friends,” highlighting both countries’ personal and national interests in their development strategies.

The Chinese Ambassador then elaborated on the 10-Point Plan of FOCAC, outlining the key pillars of China’s engagement with Africa over the next few years. In this article, the focus will be on Point 2 (Infrastructure Development), Point 3 (Agricultural Modernization), Point 7 (Poverty Reduction), and Point 9 (Cultural and People-to-People Exchanges) as the central themes for Zambia’s strategic cooperation with China.

In the closing remarks, Ambassador George Zulu spoke about the nature of the Zambia-China relationship, emphasizing that it is based on a mutual agreement: non-discriminatory and non-exploitation. He educated us that this friendship began at a time when both nations could be considered economic equals, each striving to build their own economies. He acknowledged the pivotal role that African states played in China’s acceptance into the United Nations, emphasizing the historical ties that have shaped their partnership. Amb Zulu reminded us that China is now Zambia’s second-largest commercial partner after South Africa, marking the importance of this relationship in the economic landscape.

FOCAC From the Panelists Perspective

Key Panel Discussion 1: Harnessing FOCAC Opportunities

1. How can Zambia attract more investment through FOCAC?

Zambia’s current political stability and peace under President Hakainde Hichilema have renewed investor confidence globally. The government’s focus on transparency and accountability, alongside a peaceful environment, creates a secure environment for investment. Leveraging its strategic land-linked position, Zambia offers strong opportunities to thrive in agriculture, mining, manufacturing, logistics, and energy. Additionally, tax incentives align well with China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), which makes Zambia an attractive destination for foreign direct investment and long-term partnerships.

2. How can Zambians leverage these opportunities?

Zambians can engage with Chinese businesses through training and capacity-building programs facilitated by the FOCAC, which strongly focuses on supporting SMEs. In addition to skills development, financial incentives are provided through direct capital injection into local businesses. This initiative encourages young entrepreneurs to form partnerships in agriculture, infrastructure, mining, and technology. At the same time, professionals can take advantage of education exchanges and scholarships to encourage innovation and global competitiveness. The initiative aims to reach all businesses, debunking the ‘misconception’ (current situation) that only large companies benefit, there is now an emphasis on helping SMEs grow and thrive, ultimately contributing to poverty alleviation and inclusive economic development.

3. How can Zambia benefit from China’s experience in agricultural modernization?

The panelists highlighted that Chinese agriculture has technologies such as irrigation systems, high-yield seeds, and smart farming techniques, which Zambia can adopt to enhance productivity and yield. With agriculture being the main source of income for many households across different social levels, millions were affected by last year’s drought, posing a threat to food security. Hence, the introduction of agricultural modernization is timely. China’s rural development model is a template for Zambia’s agricultural value chain growth, contributing to poverty reduction and job creation. By integrating these innovative practices, Zambia can affirm its agricultural resilience and ensure food security while securing the livelihoods of its communities.

Key Panel Discussion 2: Addressing Misconceptions, Inclusion, and Strengthening Cooperation

1. How can both countries work towards addressing misconceptions over China’s involvement in Zambia?

It was emphasized that both Zambia and China should provide clear and accessible information about their partnership, debunking myths of exploitation or over-dependence. While addressing these misconceptions is important for emphasis to be placed on publicizing the successes of their collaboration, such as the TAZARA railway project and the building of the Mulungushi Conference Center, to showcase the benefits of their partnership. Misconceptions will always exist in any partnership, but highlighting positive outcomes can help shift the narrative. Furthermore, the partnership should not be viewed as a “big brother, little brother” dynamic but as one of equal mutual agreement and respect, promoting mutual growth rather than dependency. Additionally, by ensuring the local communities witness the benefits of Chinese projects through job creation and local area development, skepticism can be reduced, and a more balanced perception of the partnership can be created.

2. How do you see the role of mutual respect for sovereignty and non-interference in the Zambia-China partnership?

Mutual respect for sovereignty and non-interference are fundamental in the Zambia-China relationship. During the discussion, it was emphasized that China’s policy of non-interference in Zambia’s domestic affairs promotes trust. This relationship is grounded in mutual respect, reflecting the cooperative spirit among both. The speakers reiterated that Zambia has the freedom to pursue its developmental agenda without external pressure, which is key to any successful partnership. Despite the ideological differences between the two nations, they share a history rooted in South-South cooperation to achieve economic growth for mutual benefit.

3. How can the youth be more engaged and active in accessing the opportunities presented by FOCAC?

The panel, which was inclusive of a youth representative, showed the importance of giving young Zambians a voice in decision-making. Also, encouraging them to explore business ventures, scholarships, and vocational training programs under FOCAC. Youth entrepreneurship is crucial and was strongly encouraged, particularly in sectors like agriculture, technology, and manufacturing. The panelists emphasized the need for digital platforms, like TikTok and Facebook, to raise awareness about available opportunities, urging the Zambian government to work with China to upskill youth for a rapidly evolving global economy. The common misconception is that young people lack interest in such opportunities, but the fact is there is a gap in information dissemination, which leads to underutilization of opportunities not due to a lack of interest but due to insufficient information. Ultimately, there was a call to action that young people should seize these opportunities as they are the inevitable solution to inevitable problems and have an essential role in shaping the future.

4. How does Zambia’s strategic position in Southern Africa influence its relations with China through FOCAC?

Zambia’s geographical position as a land-linked nation plays a crucial role in its relations with China, especially under the Belt and Road Initiative. Zambia is a gateway for trade within Southern Africa, connecting countries such as the Democratic Republic of Congo, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Botswana, and South Africa. This gives Zambia strategic importance. The panel highlighted that China’s investments in infrastructure projects such as railways, roads, and energy have already begun to capitalize on Zambia’s location, and future investments could further position Zambia as a regional trade hub. Additionally, Zambia’s active role in regional organizations like SADC and COMESA allows it to shape policies that encourage economic development, aligning well with China’s strategic interests in Africa.

My FOCAC’s Key Focus Areas for Zambia

Point 2: Infrastructure Development

Infrastructure development remains key to Zambia-China relations, with projects like the TAZARA Railway enhancing transport and logistics connectivity. Future initiatives under FOCAC will focus on expanding both physical and digital infrastructure, which aligns with Zambia’s vision of becoming a more connected and competitive economy.

With its strategic geographical position and consistent political stability, Zambia is well-placed to become a key business hub in Africa. By investing in modern infrastructure, Zambia can attract international conferences and business ventures, further solidifying its role as a center for regional trade and investment, and fostering greater regional integration and economic growth.

Point 3: Agricultural Modernization

Zambia recently faced one of the most severe droughts in its history, impacting the agricultural sector, which is crucial for both livelihoods and the economy. The drought led to nationwide crop failures, particularly affecting our staple crops like maize, which is essential for food security. This not only caused food shortages but also contributed to food price hikes, making it difficult for many households to sustain their livelihoods. Additionally, agriculture contributes around 20% to Zambia’s GDP, and the sector’s exports are vital to the economy.

The lack of rain also affected hydroelectric power generation, as 95% of Zambia’s electricity comes from hydropower. Subsequently, this causes prolonged power outages which last up to 10 hours a day, severely affecting industries and agricultural processing. This points to the importance of investments in agriculture, particularly in improving irrigation systems, and modern farming techniques. This collaboration will not only improve food security but also equip Zambian farmers to better withstand the effects of climate change and drought, ultimately boosting productivity and economic resilience.​

Point 7: Poverty Reduction

China’s poverty alleviation model is one that Zambia can adopt to reduce its poverty, where 60% of the population remains under the poverty line, with rural areas particularly affected. Through FOCAC, targeted investments in infrastructure and rural development can lead to job creation and better livelihoods for the most vulnerable populations. When individuals earn a stable income, they can afford better healthcare, housing, and education, leading to an overall improvement in lifestyle. Access to financial resources enables people to make healthier choices, seek medical care when needed, and invest in education, which further drives economic and social progress. The ripple effect of financial independence promotes stronger communities and supports national development goals by enhancing overall well-being. By leveraging Chinese expertise through FOCAC, Zambia can promote inclusive economic growth, empower its citizens, and meet SDG 1 goals.

9: Cultural and People-to-People Exchanges

Of all the points discussed, this one resonates most with me, as our greatest asset will always be human capital. An informed and well-trained population is the key to successfully benefiting from all aspects of the 10-Point Plan. Investing in human capital, particularly through education, cultural exchanges, and training, will empower Zambian communities to take full advantage of the opportunities presented through Zambia-China cooperation. Cultural diplomacy plays a crucial role in promoting stronger ties between Zambia and China, as it allows both nations to understand and respect each other’s heritage, values, and societal structures.

There was a strong emphasis from one of the panelists on the need to involve informal education systems. English should not be used as a measure of intelligence or a prerequisite for accessing the benefits of FOCAC. To ensure inclusivity, the information and opportunities under FOCAC must be translated into local languages to cater to those in rural areas Additionally, we must prioritize teaching our communities about digitalization and its importance in today’s economy. Bridging the digital divide is essential for empowering all Zambians, regardless of their location. By encouraging technical skills development, we not only enhance employability but also foster innovation and self-reliance, essential components of Zambia’s long-term growth.

Lastly, cultural diplomacy, through educational exchanges, scholarships, and grassroots programs, can deepen mutual understanding and encourage young people to take leadership roles in promoting stronger bilateral ties. This, combined with digital literacy and vocational training, will help develop a generation that can fully embrace and implement the opportunities under FOCAC, ensuring that Zambia’s partnership with China is not only inclusive but also sustainable and future-driven.

Conclusion: Seizing the Moment

The opportunities presented through FOCAC are more than diplomatic associations, it’s a moment for Zambia to define its continental standing. As China continues to expand its influence across Africa, Zambia must seize this opportunity not just as a beneficiary but as a partner to advance the Global South. This is Zambia’s moment to turn opportunities into tangible outcomes: lifting millions out of poverty, promoting innovation, and driving regional leadership. The partnerships forged today will define the Zambia of tomorrow: a nation at the heart of Africa’s development story, thriving through strategic global alliances.